《剑桥学霸高能英语学习法》
第 19节课后资料
《英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解》
讲师：杨孟衡
（一）句子成分
1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。
The sun rises in the east. （名词）
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. （数词）
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
找出下列句中的主语（先试着自己找一找再看下面的答案）：
1. Jane is good at playing the piano.
2. She went out in a hurry.
3. Four plus four is eight.
4. To see is to believe.
5. Smoking is bad for health.
6. The young should respect the old.
7. What he has said is true.
1. Jane is good at playing the piano.
2. She went out in a hurry.
3. Four plus four is eight.
4. To see is to believe.
5. Smoking is bad for health.
6. The young should respect the old.
7. What he has said is true.
2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
简单谓语：由动词或动词词组组成
I saw the flag on the top of the hill?
He looked after two orphans.
复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;
He can speak English well.
She doesn’t seem to like dancing.
找出下列句中的谓语（先试着自己找一找再看下面的答案）：
1. We love China.
2. We have finished reading this book.
3. He can speak English.
4. She seems tired.
1. We love China.
2. We have finished reading this book.
3. He can speak English.
4. She seems tired.
3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. （名词）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten. （数词）
He is asleep. （形容词）
His father is in. （副词）
The picture is on the wall. （介词短语）
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring”. （不定式）
The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
★（系动词，也称连系动词（Linking Verb），是用来辅助主语的动词。它本身有词义，不一定有实际动作意义，但不能单独用作谓语，其后必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。）
★（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...
It sounds a good idea.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
找出下列句中的表语（先试着自己找一找再看下面的答案）：
1. I am a teacher.
2. They are on the playground.
3. My job is teaching English.
4. It gets cold.
5. It sounds interesting.
1. I am a teacher.
2. They are on the playground.
3. My job is teaching English.
4. It gets cold.
5. It sounds interesting.
4.宾语（object）:
1） 动作的承受者----及物动词或介词的宾语
I like China. （名词）
He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
3） 双宾语----双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。直接宾语是谓语动词的承受着，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它不能单独存在。直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.
He gave me a book yesterday. (me:间接宾语；a book:直接宾语)
Give the poor man some money.(the poor man:间接宾语；some money:直接宾语)
指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：
please pass me the book.
He bought his girlfriend some flowers.
找出下列句子的宾语部分（先试着自己找一找再看下面的答案）:
1. We often help him.
2. He likes to play basketball.
3. We enjoy listening to the music.
4. She said that he felt sick.
5. They are talking about the new student.
1. We often help him.
2. He likes to play basketball.
3. We enjoy listening to the music.
4. She said that he felt sick.
5. They are talking about the new student.
5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：
We elected him monitor. （名词）
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）
We will make them happy. （形容词）
We found nobody in. （副词）
Please make yourself at home. （介词短语）
Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）
Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）
I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
6.主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。主语补语通常与系动词连用，形成系补关系（又叫“系表关系”），表示主语具有某种身份、特征、性状等。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。汉语中常用“......的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）
He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. （数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
定语后置：
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有一下几种情况：
1）副词用作定语一般要后置
People there are very friendly.
He didn’t like the man downstairs.
2）形容词短语作定语一般要后置
I knew an actor suitable for the role.
3）介词短语作定语时要后置
The boy under the tree is Tom.
The tallest boy in our class is John.
4）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定时作定语常后置
I have something to say.
The boy crying over there is my classmate.
The house built last year is impressive.
5）定语从句
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）
I will go there tomorrow. （时间）
The meeting will be held in the meeting-room. （地点）
The meat went bad because of the hot weather. （原因）
He studies hard to learn English well. （结果）
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. （程度）
I like some of you very much. （程度）
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. （条件）
He goes to school by bike. （方式）
Though he is young, he can do it well. （让步）
（二）句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型
1.主语＋不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches.
2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语 She likes English.
3.主语＋系动词＋表语 She is happy．
4.主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 She gave John a book.
5.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
★ There +be 句型
There are some books on the desk.
There lies a book on the desk.
翻译练习巩固：
主谓结构 （主语＋不及物动词）
1、你应该努力学习 You should study hard.
2、他昨天晚上很晚回家 She went home very late yesterday evening.
练习：
1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤。
2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。
主谓宾结构 （主语＋及物动词＋宾语）
1、我昨晚写了一封信 I wrote a letter last night.
2、我今天下午想和你谈谈 I want to talk with you this afternoon.
练习：
1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。
2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好。
主系表结构 （主语＋系动词＋表语）
1.我的弟弟都是大学生 My brothers are all college students.
2.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很长 In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3. 布朗女士看上去很健康 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.
4.在他15岁那年他成为了著名的画家 At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.
练习：
1、树叶已经变黄了。The leaves have turned yellow.
2、这个报告听起来很有意思。The report sounds interesting.
双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）
1.强森先生去年叫我们德语 Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事 Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
练习：
1、 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy?
2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?
复合宾语结构 （主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语）
1.我们叫她爱丽丝 We call her Alice.
2.他父母叫他约翰 His parents named him John.
练习：
1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。
The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.
2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 I thought it no use talking with that man
There be 句型
1.今晚不会开会 There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.
2.这个村庄里只有一口井 There was only a well in the village.
练习：
1、铃响了。There goes the bell
2、一周有七天。There are seven days a week
